Model 3D czaszki (skull.glb) i nazwy struktur (skull.json) ========================================================== skull.glb powstał z atlasu Z-Anatomy (https://github.com/Z-Anatomy/Models-of-human-anatomy): wyodrębniono kości czaszki, kość gnykową i zęby, uproszczono siatki i skompresowano je do formatu glTF (EXT_meshopt_compression). Zmiany: MedMigrant (Prospect-Med Rafał Sójka), 2026. Uznanie autorstwa (wymagane przez licencję): - "Z-Anatomy - The libre 3D atlas of anatomy - CC-BY-SA 4.0" - "BodyParts3D - The Database Center for Life Science - CC-BY-SA 2.1 Japan" (Kousaku OKUBO, oryginalny model BodyParts3D) Licencja tego pliku (utwór zależny): Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa - Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Międzynarodowe (CC BY-SA 4.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Plik można pobierać, zmieniać i rozpowszechniać na tych samych warunkach, z podaniem powyższych autorów. Nazwy struktur w skull.json (łacina, angielski, polski, ukraiński) przygotował MedMigrant; łacina według nomenklatury anatomicznej (Terminologia Anatomica). Przeglądarka używa biblioteki three.js (licencja MIT, vendor/LICENSE-three.txt) oraz dekodera meshoptimizer (licencja MIT, nagłówek w vendor/meshopt_decoder.module.js). Forearm (forearm.glb): bone shapes from 3D scans by UNCG Imaging Lab, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (creator: Cory Henderson; specimens from the UNCG anthropology collection, with permission of Dr. Robert Anemone), licensed CC BY 4.0: "Left Radius" (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Left_Radius.stl) and "Left Ulna" (https://zenodo.org/records/10294405). Changes by MedMigrant: mirrored to the right side, aligned to the Z-Anatomy forearm, simplified and compressed. Landmark positions come from Z-Anatomy labels (CC BY-SA 4.0); the combined model is shared under CC BY-SA 4.0. Arm (arm.glb): humerus shape from the 3D scan "Left Humerus" by UNCG Imaging Lab, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (creator: Cory Henderson; https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/left-humerus-72442a01b58c49c48ca6d4854f5e8bde), licensed CC BY 4.0. Changes by MedMigrant: mirrored to the right side, aligned to the Z-Anatomy humerus, simplified and compressed. Landmark positions come from Z-Anatomy labels (CC BY-SA 4.0), some placed by geometric rules (epicondyles, capitulum, trochlea, groove for the ulnar nerve); the combined model is shared under CC BY-SA 4.0. Detailed versions (arm-hd.glb, forearm-hd.glb) and muscle attachments (arm.glb, forearm.glb): the same UNCG Imaging Lab scans (CC BY 4.0) at full or near-full scan density; the muscles are Z-Anatomy objects (CC BY-SA 4.0) fitted to the scanned bones by MedMigrant with a smooth displacement field (atlas bone -> scanned bone); the neighbouring bones (scapula, clavicle, bones of the hand) are Z-Anatomy objects, the proximal radius and ulna and the distal humerus come from the elbow model above. The attachment areas are triangles of the scanned bones lying under the Z-Anatomy origin/insertion surfaces (CC BY-SA 4.0), raised 0.3 mm above the bone; for teres major and latissimus dorsi (no such surface in the atlas) they are the contact area of the fitted muscle with the bone. Muscle descriptions (origin, insertion, innervation, action) were written by MedMigrant. The combined models are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0. Thorax (thorax.glb) and scapula and clavicle (girdle.glb): Z-Anatomy objects (CC BY-SA 4.0) — the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, thoracic vertebrae, intervertebral discs, clavicles, scapula, glenoid labrum and the ligaments, capsules and discs of the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and costovertebral joints; cartilages subdivided like in the atlas, sheets subdivided and thickened, simplified and compressed by MedMigrant. Landmarks: positions from Z-Anatomy labels (CC BY-SA 4.0) snapped onto the bones (along the label leader line where it ends away from the bone), sternal landmarks placed by MedMigrant with geometric rules. Shared under CC BY-SA 4.0. Elbow (elbow.glb): the same UNCG Imaging Lab scans (CC BY 4.0) of the humerus, radius and ulna, registered together to the Z-Anatomy upper limb, then the radius and ulna shifted (translation only, a few millimetres) so the joint surfaces do not intersect, and cut to the elbow region. Landmarks from Z-Anatomy labels (CC BY-SA 4.0), some placed by geometric rules. The combined model is shared under CC BY-SA 4.0. Elbow soft tissue (in elbow.glb): articular cartilage shells and schematic ligament bands were generated by MedMigrant from the scanned bone surfaces (attachment points from the landmarks above); the articular capsule is the Z-Anatomy object "Articular capsule of elbow joint" (CC BY-SA 4.0). Shared under CC BY-SA 4.0 with the rest of the model. Forearm and arm soft tissue (0.28.0): cartilage shells, schematic ligaments and the articular disc were generated by MedMigrant from the scanned bone surfaces; the interosseous membrane is the Z-Anatomy object "Interosseous membrane of forearm" (CC BY-SA 4.0). Shared under CC BY-SA 4.0 with the rest of the models. Hand soft tissue (hand.glb, 0.29.0): ligaments, joint capsules, retinacula, the palmar aponeurosis (its central part) and the articular disc are Z-Anatomy objects (CC BY-SA 4.0) - subdivided and thickened like in the atlas; the smallest carpal ligaments were redrawn by MedMigrant as bands between the ends of the atlas objects. Articular cartilage was generated by MedMigrant from the bone surfaces. Shared under CC BY-SA 4.0 with the rest of the model. Foot (foot.glb, 0.29.0): shapes of the foot bones and of the distal tibia and fibula come from the Bone Mesh Female Toolkit (BMFToolkit, https://github.com/manishsreenivasa/BMFToolkit; Copyright (c) 2017 Manish Sreenivasa, Daniel Gonzalez Alvarado, Heidelberg University; zlib licence; publication: arXiv:1804.03655), meshes derived from CT images of the Visible Human Project female (courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine). ALTERED VERSION (zlib licence, point 2): smoothed (Taubin), placed in the model frame, toe phalanges renamed by their position, tibia and fibula cut 6 cm above the talus, simplified and compressed by MedMigrant. This is not the original software or data of the toolkit. The zlib licence text (required by its point 3 for redistribution of the source): This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software. Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions: 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. The sesamoid bones of the great toe, all foot ligaments, capsules, retinacula and the plantar aponeurosis are Z-Anatomy objects (CC BY-SA 4.0), moved onto the scanned bones with per-bone similarity transforms; articular cartilage was generated by MedMigrant. The combined foot model is shared under CC BY-SA 4.0 (the BMFToolkit part also under zlib, as above). Pelvis (pelvis.glb, 0.30.0), two variants switched in the viewer: - male: the hip bones, the sacrum and the coccyx are Z-Anatomy objects (CC BY-SA 4.0), placed in the anterior pelvic plane (both anterior superior iliac spines and the pubic symphysis in one frontal plane); - female: shapes of the hip bones, the sacrum and the coccyx come from the Bone Mesh Female Toolkit (BMFToolkit, https://github.com/manishsreenivasa/BMFToolkit; Copyright (c) 2017 Manish Sreenivasa, Daniel Gonzalez Alvarado, Heidelberg University; zlib licence; publication: arXiv:1804.03655), meshes derived from CT images of the Visible Human Project female (courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine). ALTERED VERSION (zlib licence, point 2): smoothed (Taubin), placed in the anterior pelvic plane, the coccyx cut off the sacrum mesh, simplified and compressed by MedMigrant. This is not the original software or data of the toolkit. The zlib licence text is given above (section "Foot"). Ligaments, acetabular labra, the interpubic disc, the sacrococcygeal symphysis and the obturator membranes are Z-Anatomy objects (CC BY-SA 4.0); for the female pelvis they were moved onto the CT bones with a smooth bone map (similarity transform + displacement field per bone). Articular cartilage (sacro-iliac joints, lunate surfaces) was generated by MedMigrant from the bone surfaces. Bone landmarks: positions from Z-Anatomy labels (CC BY-SA 4.0), transferred to the female pelvis with the same bone map. The combined pelvis model is shared under CC BY-SA 4.0 (the BMFToolkit part also under zlib, as above). Skull soft tissue and landmarks (skull.glb / skull.json, 0.31.0): the nasal cartilages (septal, lateral processes, major alar), the articular discs, lateral ligaments and capsules of the temporomandibular joints, the sphenomandibular, stylomandibular and stylohyoid ligaments are Z-Anatomy objects (CC BY-SA 4.0), subdivided and thickened like in the atlas by MedMigrant. Bone landmarks: positions from Z-Anatomy labels (CC BY-SA 4.0) snapped onto the rendered bones, some placed by MedMigrant with geometric rules (e.g. parts of the mandible, mandibular fossa, articular tubercle, external acoustic opening, infra-orbital foramen, anterior nasal spine, craniometric points). Shared under CC BY-SA 4.0 with the rest of the model. Shoulder joint (shoulder.glb, shoulder-hd.glb): Z-Anatomy objects (CC BY-SA 4.0) — the scapula, the proximal humerus (cut below the deltoid tuberosity, subdivided), the clavicle, the glenoid labrum, the glenohumeral capsule and ligaments, the coracohumeral, coraco-acromial and transverse humeral ligaments, the subacromial bursa, the rotator cuff, deltoid, teres major and the long head of biceps with their attachment areas; converted and simplified by MedMigrant, shared under the same licence. Nerves, arteries, veins and the heart (-nv.glb and the "nerves", "arteries", "veins", "heart" groups in .json, 0.49.52): the nerves and vessels are Z-Anatomy curve objects of the nervous and cardiovascular systems (CC BY-SA 4.0) - their centrelines and radii - turned into tube meshes by MedMigrant and fitted to the bones of each model with per-bone similarity transforms (atlas bone -> model bone) blended by distance; where the fitted course ran into a bone, the tube was lifted off the bone surface on the side where it runs in the atlas (in the skull, the parts in bony canals stay inside the bone). The heart chambers and the pulmonary trunk (thorax), the cavernous sinuses and the anterior communicating artery (skull) are Z-Anatomy mesh objects, subdivided once like in the atlas. Only the parts in the region of each model are kept; limb models show the right side. In the female pelvis the same atlas structures were fitted to the BMFToolkit bones, so their course there is approximate. Z-Anatomy adapted the cranial nerves from "Cranial Nerves and Foramina - by University of Dundee, CAHID - CC-BY 4.0". Atlas parts under non-commercial licences (the inner ear, the kidney and the renal vessels) are not used. Names (Latin, English, Polish, Ukrainian) were prepared by MedMigrant, Latin after Terminologia Anatomica. Shared under CC BY-SA 4.0. Brain (brain.glb / brain.json, 0.49.53), brain inside the skull (skull-cns.glb and the "brain" group in skull.json) and spinal cord (thorax-cns.glb and the "spinal" group in thorax.json): - the cerebral cortex (gyri and sulci, parcellation after the Destrieux atlas, FreeSurfer aparc.a2009s) uses the meshes of "Brain for Blender" by Anderson M. Winkler (brainder.org, https://brainder.org/research/brain-for-blender/), licensed CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/), as included in the Z-Anatomy atlas; the atlas object "White matter of telencephalon" is not used; - the basal nuclei, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, commissures, diencephalon, pituitary gland, ventricles, brainstem with the cranial nerve nuclei, cerebellum, falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli are Z-Anatomy mesh objects (CC BY-SA 4.0); the cranial nerves, cerebral arteries and dural venous sinuses are Z-Anatomy curve objects turned into tubes and kept only next to the brain; the anterior communicating artery was drawn by MedMigrant between the two anterior cerebral arteries; - MedMigrant welded the cortex parcels and computed their normals, merged some parcels (e.g. the cingulate gyrus), simplified and compressed the meshes and wrote the names (Latin, English, Polish, Ukrainian) and descriptions; in the skull the lobes of the hemispheres are built from the same cortex parcels, simplified more strongly; - the spinal cord is an elliptical tube along the Z-Anatomy curve "Medulla-path" with a cross-section profile set by MedMigrant (cervical and lumbar enlargements, conus medullaris), fitted to the thorax model; the spinal ganglia are Z-Anatomy mesh objects and the anterior and posterior roots are Z-Anatomy curve objects turned into tubes (CC BY-SA 4.0). The combined models are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0 (a later version with the same licence elements, which CC BY-SA 3.0 section 4(b) allows for adaptations). Heart (heart.glb / heart.json, 0.49.54) and the heart in the thorax (the "heart" group in thorax-nv.glb / thorax.json): - the four chambers (right and left atrium and ventricle, with the walls of the atlas), the valve leaflets with their chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles are Z-Anatomy mesh objects (CC BY-SA 4.0); the atlas has no anterior leaflets of the mitral and tricuspid valves and no anterior papillary muscle of the left ventricle; - the coronary arteries, cardiac veins, aorta with the branches of its arch, pulmonary trunk and arteries, pulmonary veins, venae cavae, brachiocephalic and azygos veins are Z-Anatomy curve objects turned into smooth tubes by MedMigrant (the pulmonary trunk drawn from the pulmonary valve to the atlas curve of its bifurcation; coronary vessels slightly thickened); - MedMigrant chose the colours, cut the great vessels short, wrote the names (Latin, English, Polish, Ukrainian) and descriptions, and simplified and compressed the meshes; in the thorax the heart is fitted to the bones of the model. In 0.49.54 the tubes of the nerves and vessels in all models were rebuilt with their walls facing outwards (same geometry). In 0.49.55 MedMigrant rebuilt the aorta with the branches of its arch, the pulmonary trunk and arteries, the venae cavae, the brachiocephalic, azygos and pulmonary veins of the heart model and of the thorax as smooth implicit surfaces around the same Z-Anatomy curves: sinuses above the cusps of the aortic and pulmonary valves (Z-Anatomy mesh objects), coronary ostia, fillets at the branchings, open cut ends with a wall and a darker lumen, and the ligamentum arteriosum drawn between the left pulmonary artery and the arch; in the thorax they join the tubes of the vessels further on. Shadows in recesses (ambient occlusion computed by MedMigrant) are stored as vertex colours. Shared under CC BY-SA 4.0. Visual system (eye.glb / eye.json, 0.49.56–0.49.57) and the eyes in the skull (skull-eye.glb and the "eyes" group in skull.json): - the eyeball was built by MedMigrant layer by layer as surfaces of revolution (sclera, cornea, choroid, ciliary body with its processes, iris, retina with the macula, fovea and optic disc, lens, zonular fibres, vitreous body, anterior and posterior chambers) from typical adult proportions, scaled to the size, position and axis of the Z-Anatomy eyeball; the optic nerve with its sheath follows the Z-Anatomy course; the central retinal artery and vein inside the nerve, the retinal veins (beside the arteries) and the optic radiation with Meyer's loop (schematic) were drawn by MedMigrant; - the extraocular muscles, levator palpebrae superioris, common tendinous ring, trochlea, tarsal plates, palpebral part of orbicularis oculi, lacrimal gland, canaliculi, lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate bodies, superior colliculi, the nuclei of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves, the accessory oculomotor (Edinger-Westphal) nucleus, the midbrain and the pons are Z-Anatomy mesh objects (CC BY-SA 4.0); the retinal arteries and the nerves and vessels of the orbit are Z-Anatomy curve objects turned into tubes (CC BY-SA 4.0); - the visual cortex (cuneus, lingual gyrus, calcarine sulcus, occipital pole) uses the cortex meshes of "Brain for Blender" by Anderson M. Winkler (brainder.org, https://brainder.org/research/brain-for-blender/), CC BY-SA 3.0, as included in Z-Anatomy; - MedMigrant cut the section through the eye and the orbit, smoothed the atlas parts of the orbit (subdivision) and moved the parts that reach into the eyeball onto its surface, chose the colours, wrote the names (Latin, English, Polish, Ukrainian) and descriptions, simplified and compressed the meshes. In the skull the same eyeballs, extraocular muscles and lacrimal glands are shown at a lower resolution, placed with the bone fit used for the nerves and vessels; - since 0.49.57 the eyes have textures (tex/eye-*.jpg: iris, sclera with its vessels, muscle fibres, tarsal glands, lobules of the lacrimal gland) generated procedurally by MedMigrant (no photographs or third-party images), white tendons and shadows in the hollows (vertex colours); the textures are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0 with the models. The combined models are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0 (for the Brainder part: a later version with the same licence elements, which CC BY-SA 3.0 section 4(b) allows for adaptations). Thigh (thigh.glb, thigh-hd.glb, thigh-nv.glb / thigh.json, thigh-hd.json, 0.49.58): - the femur, the hip bone, the patella and the proximal tibia and fibula are BodyParts3D 3.0 meshes (© The Database Center for Life Science, CC BY-SA 2.1 Japan; FMA24474, FMA16586, FMA24486, FMA24477, FMA24480; STL files of the BodyParts3D 3.0 collection at https://github.com/Kevin-Mattheus-Moerman/BodyParts3D), registered by MedMigrant to the right lower limb of Z-Anatomy (whose bones are simplified versions of the same meshes) and smoothed (Loop subdivision); the tibia and fibula are cut 13 cm below the top of the tibia; the joint spaces were set by small translations (hip bone 1.4 mm, patella 2.5 mm, tibia and fibula 1 mm); - bone landmarks: positions from Z-Anatomy labels (CC BY-SA 4.0), moved onto the femur; the fovea of the head found by MedMigrant from the bone shape; names (Latin, English, Polish, Ukrainian) by MedMigrant; - articular cartilage, computed by MedMigrant on the femur: on the head a shell up to the head-neck junction, without the fovea; on the condyles and the patellar surface the extent and thickness come from the femoral cartilage of the "lenhart2015" knee model (based on MRI; Lenhart RL, Kaiser J, Smith CR, Thelen DG, Ann Biomed Eng 2015;43:2675-2685) in OpenSim JAM by Colin Smith (https://github.com/clnsmith/opensim-jam), Apache License 2.0 — a copy of the licence is in LICENSE-Apache-2.0.txt. Changes by MedMigrant: the model was registered to our femur, the coverage and thickness were transferred to our bone, limited by the gaps to the tibia and the patella and smoothed; the cartilage meshes are new surfaces built on our femur; - muscles of the hip, thigh and calf: Z-Anatomy mesh objects (CC BY-SA 4.0), moved with the displacement field atlas -> our bones; the attachment areas are triangles of our bones under the Z-Anatomy origin/insertion surfaces or under the ends of the fitted muscles, on several bones where a muscle attaches to more than one; psoas major is cut at the iliac crest, gastrocnemius and plantaris below the knee; the iliotibial tract is simplified; - nerves, arteries and veins: Z-Anatomy curves turned into tubes as in the other models, moved with the same displacement field and cut to the region from the iliac fossa to below the knee. The combined models are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0.